presence - definition and examples of rhetorical presence

Definition: In rhetoric and argumentation, the choice to emphasize certain facts and ideas over others in order to secure the attention of an audience. Through presence, we establish the real, Louise Karon says in Presence in The New Rhetoric. This effect is primarily evoked through techniques of style, delivery, and disposition (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 1976). See also: Audience Analysis and Implied Audience Examples and Illustrations Ekphrasis and Enargia New Rhetoric(s)ProsopopoeiaPersuasion Examples and Observations: Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca write that presence is an essential factor in argumentation and one that is far too much neglected in rationalistic conceptions of reasoning. The presence of a fact or an idea is almost a sensory experience rather than a purely rational one; presence, they write, acts directly on our sensibility.Thus, in argumentation a rhetor seeks to bring his or her audience to the point of seeing the relevant facts, or experiencing the truthfulness of an idea. . . . Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca share Gorgias and the humanists intrigue with rhetorics power to direct thought, particularly rhetoric in the control of a skilled rhetorician. But their confidence in argumentation as a rational foundation of discourse is decidedly stronger than was Gorgias.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2005) Two Aspects of PresenceFor Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969), achieving presence is a rule that guides the process of selection; we choose words, phrases, figurative images, and other discursive strategies to either (a) make something absent present to our audience or (b) increase the presence of something that has already been brought to the audiences attention. An example of the latter sense would be the way in which an orator, in a patriotic Fourth of July oration during the 19th century, would try to increase the presence of the spirit of the founding fathers.These two aspects of presence are not mutually exclusive; in fact, they frequently overlap. An advocate might begin by trying to make something present to an audience and then work to increase the presence of that item (whatever that might be). As Murphy (1994) noted, the idea of presence is a conceptual metaphor; when presence is achieved, what initially was absent almost seems to be in the room with the audience.(James Jasinski, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001) Presence and Figurative LanguageThe very choice of giving presence to s ome elements instead of others implies their importance and pertinence to the discussion and acts directly on our sensibility, as illustrated by a Chinese parable: A king sees an ox on its way to sacrifice. He is moved to pity for it and orders that a sheep be used in its place. He confesses he did so because he could see the ox but not the sheep.Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca relate presence to the function of certain rhetorical figures. Leaving the customary classifications of rhetorical figures, they discuss the argumentative effects of figures. One effect is to increase presence. The simplest figures for doing this are those depending on repetition, for instance, anaphora, or interpretatio (the explanation of one expression by another--not so much for clarification as to increase the feeling of presence).(Marie Lund Klujeff, Provocative Style: The Gaarder Debate Example. Rhetorical Citizenship and Public Deliberation, ed. by Christian Kock and Lisa S. Villadsen. Penn State Press, 2012) Presence in Jesse Jacksons 1988 Convention Speech*Tonight in Atlanta, for the first time in this century, we convene in the South; a state where Governors once stood in school house doors; where Julian Bond was denied a seal in the State Legislature because of his conscientious objection to the Vietnam War; a city that, through its five Black Universities, has graduated more black students than any city in the world. Atlanta, now a modern intersection of the new South.Common ground! Thats the challenge of our party tonight. Left wing. Right wing.Progress will not come through boundless liberalism nor static conservatism, but at the critical mass of mutual survival--not at boundless liberalism nor static conservatism, but at the critical mass of mutual survival. It takes two wings to fly. Whether youre a hawk or a dove, youre just a bird living in the same environment, in the same world.The Bible teaches that when lions and lambs lie down together, none will be afraid and ther e will be peace in the valley. It sounds impossible. Lions eat lambs. Lambs sensibly flee from lions. Yet even lions and lambs will find common ground. Why? Because neither lions nor lambs can survive nuclear war. If lions and lambs can find common ground, surely we can as well--as civilized people.The only time that we win is when we come together. In 1960, John Kennedy, the late John Kennedy, beat Richard Nixon by only 112,000 votes--less than one vote per precinct. He won by the margin of our hope. He brought us together. He reached out. He had the courage to defy his advisers and inquire about Dr. Kings jailing in Albany, Georgia. We won by the margin of our hope, inspired by courageous leadership.In 1964, Lyndon Johnson brought wings together--the thesis, the antithesis, and the creative synthesis--and together we won.In 1976, Jimmy Carter unified us again, and we won. When do we not come together, we never win.In 1968, the vision and despair in July led to our defeat in Novemb er. In 1980, rancor in the spring and the summer led to Reagan in the fall.When we divide, we cannot win. We must find common ground as the basis for survival and development and change and growth.Today when we debated, differed, deliberated, agreed to agree, agree to disagree, when we had the good judgment to argue a case and then not self-destruct, George Bush was just a little further away from the White House and a little closer to private life.Tonight I salute Governor Michael Dukakis. He has run a well-managed and a dignified campaign. No matter how tired or how tried, he always resisted the temptation to stoop to demagoguery. . . .(Reverend Jesse Jackson, speech at the Democratic National Convention, July 19, 1988)* In the presidential election of November 1988, incumbent Vice President George H.W. Bush (Republican) handily defeated Governor Michael Dukakis (Democrat). The Effects of Presence and the Suppression of Presence[Charles] Kauffman and [Donn] Parson [in Metaphor and Presence in Argument, 1990] make the . . . important point . . . that the suppression of presence can have a persuasive effect. They show that metaphors with and without energeia can be used systematically, on the one hand, to alarm, and on the other, to dampen, public anxieties. For example, using metaphors with energeia, President Reagan speaks of antique Titan missiles that leave the United States naked to attack; he depicts the Soviet Union as an Evil Empire led by monsters. On the other hand, using metaphors without energeia, General Gordon Fornell creates an antipresence designed to sidestep public anxiety in the interest of further weapons procurement. The current Soviet ICBM force of 1,398 missiles, of which over 800 are SS-17, SS-18, and SS-19 ICBMs, represents a dangerous countermilitary asymmetry which must be corrected in the near term (99-100; emphasis mine). The systematic use of such colorless metaphors increases adherence by dampening what might otherwise be legitim ate anxieties.(Alan G. Gross and Ray D. Dearin, Chaim Perelman. SUNY Press, 2003)

Conclusion. In Short, Body Language Is Nonverbal...

Conclusion In short, body language is nonverbal communication which consists out of kinesics (body movement), haptics (touch) and proxemics (distance). It s very present in our everyday life since a lot of examples of body language can already be seen in merely half an hour. The function of body language might be to convey meaning, to regulate the flow of a conversation by using eye behaviour and it has the ability to influence others. Most importantly, body language expresses your emotions/identity and is able to affect our relationships through tie signs, immediacy behaviour and revealing our feelings. We can use body language in our advantage by knowing how we should use it as well as know what messages others are sending when using†¦show more content†¦(1999). Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. ï‚ § A Primer on Communication Studies. (2012, December 29). Retrieved from http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/a-primer-on-communication-studies/index.html ï‚ § Buller, D., Burgoon, J. (1986). The Effects of Vocalics and Nonverbal Sensitivity on Compliance. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249471681_The_Effects_of_Vocalics_and_Nonverbal_Sensitivity_on_Compliance_A_Replication_and_Extension ï‚ § Broncher, R. (2004). A labor of love: a complete guide to childbirth for the mind, body, and soul. - ï‚ § Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed: recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication. - ï‚ § Rutledge, B. (2011, August 28). Cultural Differences - Monochronic versus Polychronic. Retrieved from http://thearticulateceo.typepad.com/my-blog/2011/08/cultural-differences-monochronic-versus-polychronic.html ï‚ § Danesi, M. (2006). Kinesics. Encyclopedia of language linguistics. ï‚ § Head body language. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://changingminds.org/techniques/body/parts_body_language/head_body_language.htm ï‚ § Hargie, O. (2011). Skilled Interpersonal Interaction: Research, Theory, and Practice (5th ed.). London, UK: Routledge. ï‚ § Pease, A., Pease, B. (2004). The Definitive Book of Body Language. NewShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in School1661 Words   |  7 Pagesand Disadvantages of Nonverbal communication in School is an important topic to be learned by human beings. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in School Introduction â€Å"People cannot live without each other, we are social beings† (Marwijk). 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Cash Flow and Management Analysis free essay sample

AbstractFinancial statements are the only direct source for gauging a companys financial performance – they tell the story about profitability, financial health, and the ability to pay obligations, including returning earnings to stockholders. One of the financial statements is the statement of cash flows which is a summary of the cash flows of a company during a period of time and the change in the cash balance. The focus of the statement is on cash inflows and outflows (Subramanyam, 2014). The statement of cash flows explains the changes in the cash balance as well as changes in other assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and shows why net income differs from the cash generated or used in routine business activities. It provides the user the stage of the company within its lifecycle or the strategy taken by management or even the success (and viability) of a company as a going concern. The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to trace the cash in the company: where it came from and where it went. This is done through the classification of operating, investing, and financing cash flows, and certain noncash activities also are disclosed. Management must carefully consider all available sources and uses of funds. Therefore, it is important to analyze the movement of cash within a company. This paper will examine the statement of cash flows of General Motors Company (GM) for fiscal year 2017, 2016 and 2015, using financial ratios to evaluate the performance and risk of the company.Cash Flow and Cash ManagementThe statement of cash flows is important because it shows how much cash the company has actually generated. In contrast, the income statement includes non-cash revenues and expenses which are excluded on the statement of cash flows. Many companies show profits on the income statement but run into trouble later due to insufficient cash flows which may lead to filing bankruptcy. Cash flow analysis is an important element in the financial analysis process. It helps management identify the movement of cash inflow and outflow of the company. By enhancing cash flow management, companies position themselves to improve operational efficiency, better manage cost of capital, mitigate operational and financial risks, and improve shareholder value (Deloitte, n.d.).The statement of cash flows is an integral part of financial reporting that links the costs reflected on the balance sheet and the expenses on the income statement together for a complete picture of a companys financial health. There are three primary business activities reported on the statement of cash flows: operating, investing, and financing. Cash Flow from Operating ActivitiesThe income statement reports the success of a company in generating a profit from its operations. Operating activities are those arising from primary business activities. Revenues and expenses reported in the income statement usually generate or use cash, though the period in which revenue is earned or an expense is incurred may differ from the timing of the actual receipt or payment of cash, and some revenues and expenses do not involve cash. Receipts from cash sales, collections on receivables, and dividends and interest received on loans and investments, as well as cash payments to suppliers and employees and for operating expenses, interest, and income taxes are included in net operating cash flows. Cash flows arising from these activities are of great importance as they affect the liquidity and financial flexibility of the company.91440172212000In the ordinary course of business, General Motors cash flow is generated by selling and buying produ cts and services, including vehicles, parts, and components. Cash flows for all derivative financial instruments are classified in cash flows from operating activities. Net cash provided by operating activities has steadily been increasing since fiscal year 2014 although net income has been decreasing since fiscal year 2015.(figures from General Motors Form 10-K 2017; personal calculations)We see a significant change from 2017 to 2016 particularly with a loss of income from continuing operations of 96%.   This is due to the US tax reform legislation causing the reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% creating a $7.3 billion offset and a $2 billion valuation allowance for the sale of the European Business (Opel/Vauxhall) which is reflected in the deferred income taxes.     Changes in working capital increased by 588% accounts receivable and inventory decreased while accounts payable increased due to increased sales allowance payments.     Pension contributions decreased approximately 50% due to discretionary contributions of $2 billion made to their US hourly pension plan in the year end of 2016.   Depreciation expense has s teadily increased over the last three years, although it is neither a source nor a use of cash. For fiscal year 2017 the net cash provided by operating activities is higher than the net income by $17,000 million as there were items that decreased net income but did not use cash, specifically: depreciation and amortization of $12,261 are expenses not requiring a cash outlay; deferred income taxes of $10,880 are an expense that has no present cash payment; and a decrease in inventory implies that cost of sales are charged by reducing inventory levels rather than by making cash payments of $440 million. Also, some items generated operating cash inflow but did not enter into the determination of net income, specifically: the decrease in accounts receivable means that cash is collected beyond the amounts recognized as sales revenue in the income statement of $1,402 million.General Motors net cash flow from operating activities generally improves when wholesale volumes increase and can drop sharply when sales volumes decrease. Working capital balances are subject to seasonal changes which generally impact cash flow. An example can be taken from the annual summer and December shutdown periods when inventories are at their lowest levels; however, payables continue to come due and be paid.A cash flow analysis should include the calculation of the companys cash flow adequacy ratio which measures the ability to generate sufficient cash from operations to cover capital expenditures, investments in inventories, and cash dividends (Subramanyam, 2014). The ratio is calculated using three years of cash from operations divided by three years of capital expenditures, inventory additions, and cash dividends. For General Motors, the cash flow adequacy ratio is:$17328 + $16545 + $11978($27633 + $29166 + $23032) + ($1350 + $320) + ($2233 + $2368 + $2242)$45851 / $88344 = 0.52A ratio of 1 or greater reflects satisfactory levels of cash source. General Motors cash flow adequacy ratio is 0.52 indicating that their internal cash sources are insufficient to maintain dividends and current operating growth levels.Cash Flow from Investing ActivitiesInvesting activities pertain to assets required and used by the company, such as plant assets, natural resources, and intangibles, as well as investments. Cash flows from investing activities include cash receipts and payments arising from the purchase or sale of these types of assets. Cash inflows and outflows as a result of these activities are reflected as capital expenditures and acquisitions in the investing section of the statement of cash flows. 45720-254000(figures from General Motors Form 10-K 2017; personal calculations)General Motors net cash flows from investing activities has been a negative amount each year; therefore, using more cash for investing activities than taking it in. This could be a healthy sign as they drive cash from operations back into the company to generate future profits. Overall, General Motors decreased the amount invested by 23% from 2016 to 2017; continuing to invest in PPE but with a 5% reduction from 2016 to 2017. Also, net cash used in investing activities decreased due to proceeds from the termination of leased vehicles increasing 160% from 2016 to 2017 and the increased collections and recoveries on retail finance receivables.Cash Flow from Financing Activities85150220789500Financing activities is the final section of the statement of cash flows and may be viewed as transactions involving the parties which provide resources to the business: the creditors and the owners. Transactions with the creditors include borrowing and repaying the principal amount of loans. Transactions with the owners include investments by the owners, distributions to the owners such as withdrawals and cash dividends, the purchase of treasury stock, and the retirement of outstanding stock. (figures from General Motors Form 10-K 2017; personal calculations)General Motors earned $12.5 billion from financing activities, in the form of repayment of loans or interest paid, dividend pay-out to shareholders, etc. There was a cash impact of ($3.51) billion due to buyback of GM shares. Proceeds from issuance of debt accounts for 56% whereas payments on debt accounts for 36%. The repurchase of stock increased 80% from 2016 to 2017 which increases the ownership of shareholders. Dividends have been paid rather consistently each year showing stability. Free Cash Flow (FCF)One of the most useful measures of cash flow is free cash flow because it includes all factors that contribute to changes in cash flow.   Thus, it is a prime indicator of the financial health of a company.   Also, investors may use it to calculate the amount of cash flow that may be available for distribution as dividends.The general concept of free cash flow is to compile the net change in cash generated by company operations, less any cash paid for working capital requirements, fixed asset purchases, and dividends (MyAccountingCourse, 2018).80645762000(figures from General Motors Form 10-K 2017; personal calculations)A company may have positive free cash flow though it is not really a healthy organization on a long-term basis.   All of the following situations generate free cash flow, but they are not indicators of a healthy company:Delaying the payment of accounts payableSelling fixed assets or delaying fixed assets purchasesReducing maintenance expenditu resReducing marketing expendituresIn the above cases, management has certainly made more cash available, but doing so may have adversely affected the long-term viability of the company.Another issue is that free cash flow can be altered by the rate of growth of a company.    If sales are declining, accounts receivable may probably be converted back into cash, which raises free cash flow (despite a declining company).   Conversely, increasing sales requires additional working capital, which reduces free cash flow. Positive FCF provides financial flexibility because the company isnt relying on the capital markets to fund its expansion.   A company with negative FCF may have to take out loans or sell additional shares to keep things going; thus, becoming a risky proposition if the market becomes unsettled at a critical time for the company.   Negative FCF is not always a bad thing in itself, particularly when it is due to the company making investments.General Motors operating cash flow has been increasing each year since 2014 while, recently, capital expenditures decreased 5% from 2016 to 2017 which caused free cash flow to decrease 18%. This is an indication that the company may not meet its obligations, will not be able to continue to operate at its current level, and may not have reserve cash to pay investors. Profitability AnalysisReturn on invested capital is important in the analysis of financial statements by assessing both risk and return. Return on invested capital refers to a companys earnings relative to both the level and source of financing. It is a measure of a companys success in using financing to generate profits, and is an excellent measure of operating performance.A companys main objective is to maximize profits. Profitability analysis is concerned with the evaluation of the overall efficiency and performance of a company. Profitability ratios help in the analysis of the operational health of the company for profit generation. If the company is able to generate profits as a result of its core operating activities, it is a sign of good operational health of a company. There are two types of profitability ratios: margins (relationship between profit and sales) and returns (relationship between profit and investments). Margin ratios measure operating efficiency with a goal of reaching a certain level of sales with minimum costs. Return ratios measure how effectively a companys management utilizes resources to generate revenue.Gross Profit Margin1531620231902000The gross profit margin indicates how efficiently the company uses its raw materials, labor, and manufacturing resources to generate profits. It is a financial metric used to determine a companys operational health by revealing the amount of money left over from revenues after accounting for the cost of goods sold (COGS). The higher the value of the margin, the better it is for the company. The formula to calculate the gross profit margin is subtracting the COGS from total sales and dividing that number by total sales. The gross profit margin for the past three years for General Motors is as follows:(figures from General Motors Form 10-K 2017 and Ford Motor Co Form 10-K 2017; personal calculations)Both companies have a positive trend of increasing sales with Ford Motor coming out ahead of General Motors but their gross profit margin isnt as strong as General Motors. To maintain efficiency, General Motors will continuously need to evaluate their pricing and cost structure, and improve on reducing costs/inventory.Net Operating Profit Margin1432560222631000Net operating profit margin (NOPAT) is used to measure a companys pricing strategy and operating efficiency. It is a measurement of what proportion of the companys revenue is remaining to pay the variable costs of production. The higher the margin, the more effective the company is in converting revenue into actual profit. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety and higher risk as a decline in sales will erase profits and result in net loss. The formula to calculate the profit margin is net operating profit after tax divided by sales. (figures from General Motors Form 10-K 2017; personal calculations)The operating margin of General Motors is trending upwards but is still low which indicates that the costs not directly related to production are high, and the company should find ways of reducing costs, such as overhead and administrative expenses and taxes. Management should strive to increase profits by building customer loyalty which increase sales and increase the efficiency in production.Return on Net Operating AssetsReturn on net operating assets (RNOA) is an indication of how profitable a company is based on the net assets that have been invested. This ratio lets management know how efficient they are at using the companys assets to generate earnings. Because it focuses on operational areas, it can be a better indicator of long-term future growth rates of a company. The formula for RNOA is dividing NOPAT by NOA. Net operating profit after tax (NOPAT) is derived from (Sales — Operating expenses) Ãâ€" (1 – [Tax expense/Pretax profit]). Net operating assets (NOA) is equal to operating assets less operating liabilities.403860-6096000(Source: https://ycharts.com/companies/GM/)The RNOA for General Motors is trending downward; they should strive for increasing net income which means increasing sales. General Motors has had significant restructuring and cost reduction to lower operating costs. Corporate income tax rate reduced from 35% to 21% due to the Tax Act signed into law late December 2017. General Motors income tax expense increased $7.3 billion due to the change in the tax rate. Overall, a higher RNOA is generally desirable.Horizontal / Vertical AnalysisThere are various techniques to transform financial information into forms more useful for analysis. One such technique is the horizontal and vertical analysis which analyzes year to year changes. They are both similar in nature in which each analysis involves comparing income statement and balance sheet items as a percentage of each account in dollars and percentage. The broader view is the horizontal analysis, and the narrow view is the vertical analysis. This technique is useful for external and internal users, such as management and accountants, who will analyze the significant changes and take the necessary action to resolve the problem.The horizontal analysis computes the changes from the previous year to the current in percentages. It can help gauge a companys potential by measuring its growth and/or its diminishment over time. Ideally, taking note of a companys gross profits over the years is the key. It can display a steady progression which can be used to estimate growth. However, noting a companys liabilities over time is important too. For example, assessing a companys diminishment over time through their long-term liabilities.The vertical analysis uses data from one year and expresses each item as a percentage of a base amount. For example, on the balance sheet, each entry for each of the three major categories of accounts (assets, liabilities, and equity) is represented as a proportion of the total account. The main advantage of the vertical analysis is that the balance sheets of companies of all sizes can easily be compared. It also makes it easy to see relative annual changes within one company.The chart that follows contains both a vertical and horizontal analysis of the balance sheet for General Motors. The vertical analysis shows that a majority of the accounts have remained stable with the exception of GM financial receivables (increase), equipment on operating leases (increase), deferred income taxes (decrease), and long term debt of GM financial (increase).Upon the completion of each of the different analyses performed on General Motors, the management team will be empowered in making positive business decisions to increase profitability and cash flow in the next fiscal year. General Motors adequacy ratio of 0.52 indicates the company has insufficient internal cash source to support dividend payments and current operational growth. Management should pay attention to those periods of downtime in sales that affect overall cash flow. A continuous decline in sales shows solvency distress that can cause disruption in business operations and profits.3124198382000ReferencesDeloitte US. (n.d.). Strategies for optimizing your cash management. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/finance/ca-en-FA-strategies-for-optimizing-your-cash-management.pdfGarcia, Madison. (2017, September 26). How to Improve the Return on Net Operating Assets. Bizfluent. Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/how-12060667-improve-return-net-operating-assets.htmlGeneral Motors Company. (2018). 2017 10-K form. Retrieved from https://www.gm. com/content/dam/gm/en_us/english/Group4/InvestorsPDFDocuments/02-pdfs/10-K.pdfMyAccountingCourse. (n.d.). Free Cash Flow. Retrieved from https://www. myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/free-cash-flowSubramanyam, K. (2014). Financial Statement Analysis. (11th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

My Vegetable Love Should Grow/vaster Than Empires And More Slow Is An Example Of Essay Example

My Vegetable Love Should Grow/vaster Than Empires And More Slow Is An Example Of Essay The first thing that strikes when you read these 17th Century poems is the theme of pre 19th century gentlemens attitudes towards sex and personal relationships, where women are the ones who are held responsible for sexual morality. The Beggar Woman and To His Coy Mistress, are both poems which deal with relationships between men and women. When the poems were written, society was very difference; women did not have status or independence, it was a society dominated by males, in all aspects of life. The Beggar Woman is a very good example which defines the different status between men and women at the time. The similarity between the two poems is that they show how experiences of love and relationships for men and women, mirrored the roles each sex played in other areas of life. The man who is featured in this poem is very high up in society due to his wealthy background. However, you wouldnt be led to think this as what he is after isnt very upper class. For he himself had other game in view, here there is no doubt he certain means for the beggar woman and the author has cleverly played with words here too. The fact the man had originally gone out into the woods hunting with his fellow gentleman, the author decides to play with the words here, and uses the term game to refer to the game of hunting, and game, as if having sex with this woman is a game, indicating he thinks that this beggar woman is a prostitute. King deliberately and continuously emphasises on the word gentleman as he is trying to show hes not acting very gentleman like. When he talks to the woman, he refers to her as Mistress. We will write a custom essay sample on My Vegetable Love Should Grow/vaster Than Empires And More Slow Is An Example Of specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Vegetable Love Should Grow/vaster Than Empires And More Slow Is An Example Of specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Vegetable Love Should Grow/vaster Than Empires And More Slow Is An Example Of specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The reason he is being so polite is because he wants to have sex with her. Obviously, this shows his view on women; that theyre there to be used at mens pleasure. His situation as the end, to the gentlemans horror, is that he is left with the baby. This is totally unexpected as the gentleman didnt expect it, as did the audience. This is because the entire time, we are led to believe that the woman was in control, as for a period we are convince that she is a prostitute, as she knows of a quiet place, I know of an unfrequented place. So, from this moment on, the reader is lead to think that the gentleman is in control, but right at the end we realise she is the clever one. However, clever though it may seem, the question is, will the gentleman return to his friends, carrying a baby? Given the status and situation of men in the 18th Century they didnt really bring up a baby, they left it to the women. It was very rare to find a child without a mother in those days, as babies were always cared for by the women. His options are; he could return to his fellow gentleman, and face embarrassment, but pay some house maids on women to raise the baby for him, or just leave it to die? Nevertheless, I believe he is more likely to take the baby and raise it because he could use a simple excuse by suggesting he found the baby and raise him. Even more, is the relationship wouldnt be any different to the one he could possible have if was married, as he could simply hire someone to look after the child. However, there is the possibility that one day the woman could claim that the child belonged to her, and announce these secret liasions shed been having, and the baby b elonged to the man. This would be difficult, as the gentleman may find it hard to accept a baby that he doesnt know if he belongs to him, and the background from which he came from, poor, like the beggar woman herself, and that she might one day try to claim and embarrass the gentleman. Obviously times have changed since the seventeenth century; one significant thing is womens rights and the way they are treated. In the seventeenth century, women certainly had different, and if not any rights in comparison to men. In this case, it because the beggar woman has a totally different status to the gentleman. Due to his background and history, he is thought as a gentleman because he is wealthy, which makes him a very reputable man. We can tell the difference in status as the gentleman is on horseback and shes walking, He ambles on before, she trots behind. However, you wouldnt be led to think that there is a difference due to the way he refers to her, Mistress, as if she was extremely lady-like, a wealthy woman basically, which she isnt. This is respect has been given to her, so that the gentleman can convince, or charm his way into having sex with her. We are also led to believe to think that other than to think she is familiar to these liaisons, she is in fact a prostit ute, as she suggests a place to the gentleman where the can have sex, I know of an unfrequented place. This suggests she knows what she is doing. In the end, we know that the beggar woman tricks the man, and the baby ends up with him, but one key reason to why she may this is suggested as she refers to the baby as her Burthen. This is because she is suggesting the baby will cost her a lot more money to feed and raise, but as we know, she is a beggar woman, and she is probably earning enough money just to survive, so she hands him over as she hasnt the money to support him. The beggar womans actions raise a very serious point about relationships and responsibilties as she freely gives her child to a man she doesnt even know. We dont know how she feels about giving away her baby, but the fact that she tricked the gentleman so cleverly may suggest that she has done it before. The gentleman treats and speaks to her very respectfully, as he thinks the way to convince and persuade her to have sex with him, is to respect her, and so refers to her as Mistress. He also asks, And what if we should Retire a little way into the wood. So to lead the gentleman on, the beggar woman agrees. Her next clever step was to then convince then man that she will have sex with him, leading him into a false sense of security, as she suggests a place to go, I know an unfrequented place. The gentleman now obviously thinks that he is going to have sex with the beggar woman. So the gentleman, in a false sense of security, convince he will be having sex any minute now, attempts to rush into having sex with her, Come Ill the knot untie, And, if you mean the child, Ill lay it by. The beggar woman sees her chance to trick the man, and responds, by explaining that if the man were to lay the baby by, it would cry, That cant be done, for the twill cry. She then explained that the only way to stop the baby from crying is if it is on someone elses back. She is clearly, and cleverly hinting to the gentleman that the only way they are going to have sex is if the baby is on his back, while in fact it is a trap. The man falls straight into the trap, and instantly offers to carry the baby on his s houlders, as he eagerly awaits to have sex with the beggar woman, I should be loth, To come so far and disoblige you both: Were the child tied to me, dye think twould do? This is the final stage of her plan; she put the baby on the gentlemans back, quite willingly, Might well so! Oh lord! If tied to you! This again is another trick to convince the gentleman he is about to have sex. But as soon as she has put the baby on his shoulders, Sir good bye. She walks away, leaving him with the baby, trusting him to look after it, I trust the child to you with all my heart. She planned to leave the gentleman with the baby from the beginning as she tricked him into thinking he was going to have sex, but her aim was to teach that women are not just objects or things to have sex with, and that there are consequences, only the women have to put up with them, not the men. So she decided to turn the tables, and on this occasion, she decided to give the gentleman a taste of what its like to look after a child, the consequences of having sex. Perhaps the main moral of the poem is Thinking before you act. However the question is, can she really trust the baby to with all her heart? We dont know what he may do. Due to the poet writing this poem in a particular or a stylistic way, he has clearly increased the awareness towards the moral and the subject matter in the story. One way he does this is his regular rhyme scheme and a regular rhythm. One example, or very many, is A gentleman in hunting rode astray, More out of choice that he lost his way: This is the first two lines, and instantly a funny, entertaining sort of atmosphere is created, due to the use of rhyming couplets, which are two lines with words at the end which rhyme. However, this isnt true of all poems. Some people believe that a good poem must always rhyme, but it isnt really the case. Some of the best poems dont rhyme at all. Nevertheless, it is extremely difficult and complicated to produce a poem with rhyming couplets and William King does it exceptionally well. Even more, he includes a moral in the story, which is also sometimes difficult to do. When poets do end up producing a rhyming poem it usually sounds a bit contrived and a little silly, but William King produced an entertaining poem with a moral, which was filled with rhyming couplets, which sounded very natural. It must have taken a lot hard work and effort to produce a poem with qualities which include an interesting story which finishes with a moral, which also includes rhyming couplets all the way through it. Also the poem also has rhythm. Because it is a narrative poem (a poem with a story) it flows very well, without any need for breaks, or pauses; this is why there are no verses in the poem. The fact that it flows so well, may suggest that it was used for entertainment during the 17th century. It could have been recited at events such as parties, or maybe in the street for money. This is because of the tone or atmosphere created by the story and the rhyming couplets. They provide an up-lifting type of tone, one used for entertainment. Due to the story, people m ay find it funny, and the rhyme and rhythm add to that. To His Coy Mistress and Beggar Woman, are poems that are different in a number of ways; especially in the style chosen by the poet of To His Coy Mistress, Andrew Marvell. We can tell this instantly as the poem isnt as immediately accessible because of vocabulary, intellectual argument and philosophical ideas. However, the Beggar Woman isnt like this as it is a story, or a narrative poem. To His Coy Mistress isnt a narrative poem, but a poem that is a syllogistic argument, designed to address the gentleman in the poems mistress. A syllogism is the way an argument is structured, and if it is well put together, the person you are arguing against cannot argue against you, in this case, the gentleman intends to make this a watertight argument, so that the woman cannot argue against him. A good syllogism is structured using three sections; If, But, and Therefore. To His Coy Mistress is a well structured syllogism, as we can identify these three sections. The first, or the if section of To His Coy Mistress, explains what would happen if there was enough time in the world. In one extract from To His Coy Mistress, he explains that if they were to have sex, we would adore her very much, Two hundred to adore each breast: But thirty thousand to the rest This is a classic example, and he even uses sexual innuendo. What it means is, if the woman were to have sex with him, he would adore her very much, so much he would adore each breast for two hundred years, and thirty thousand to the rest of her body. Another classic example, suggesting what the gentleman would do if they were to have sex is, My vegetable love should grow, Vaster than empires, and more slow. This example means that his love for her may grow slow, but bigger than empires. He compares his love growing like a vegetable, which constitutes the idea that his love is like a plant; growing and expanding constantly, but slowly naturally, and hopefully developing into something fruit ful. However this can only happen if there is enough time for him to do so. At line 21, a new section begins; the second, or but section, which basically explains, but we dont have enough time. And so the man attempts to convince his mistress by using the time they have, by charming her. One classic example is the gentleman suggests that if the woman were not to have sex with him, that she wouldnt have sex again, Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound My echoing song: then worms shall try, That long-preserved virginity. Graphic as this line is, what he explains is that if the woman werent to have sex with him, she would never lose her virginity, except for when she dies, and she is underground, were the worms can get to her, and they will take her virginity. Though this may sound rude and vulgar, it is the intended effect, so that he can frighten her into having sex with him. The last, or therefore which can be interrupted to therefore, we need to make the most of our time that is left. So he now attempts to explain to her what they could do to make the most of this time, And now, like amorous birds of prey He uses this comparison referring to what they could, and hopefully will be; amorous meaning loving and affectionate, and birds of prey as those types of animals are powerful, great, and dominant figures, which the gentleman hopes the woman and himself will be like. This isnt included or necessary in the Beggar Woman, as it isnt a syllogistic poem, its a narrative poem which tells a story. Nevertheless, though an argument isnt shown in the poem, it does bring up an argument, whether the beggar woman should have just given her child away so easily. The gentleman in the poem doesnt just show his intellectual argument skills, he also shows, but doesnt state, his philosophy on life. The man clearly explains time goes by very quickly, and explains to the woman that you really need to take those chances you get in life, or you will regret them. A term given to his philosophy is Carpe Diem which is Latin for Seize the day. An example which shows his philosophy on life is But at my back I always hear, Times winged chariot hurrying near. What the gentleman attempts to explain hear is that time goes by very quickly. One main and obvious similarity between the two poems is that they use rhyming couplets. This is a very difficult feature to include in poems as often, they sound silly, but in both of these cases, they are used effectively, but for different reasons. In the Beggar Woman, rhyming couplets at the end, which add a punch line are used for added entertainment. The poem was produced for entertainment, but with the added rhyme, it adds more entertainment, as well as a flow and rhythm in the poem. One example is A gentleman in hunting rode astray, More out of choice, than that he lost his way. In this example, the very first lines of the poem, the poet explains that the gentleman, who went hunting with fellow gentleman, deliberately lost his way. However, Marvell deliberately uses rhyming couplets in his poem, but not for the same reason; he adds the rhyming couplets in for added effect, for further enhancement so that the gentleman can convince the woman easier. For, lady, you deserve this state; Nor would I love at lower rate. Here he attempts to charm her, by saying she is worthy of being loved so much. The fact that Marvell wrote this poem to make it easier for the gentleman to argue and convince the woman to have sex with him, might suggest that he was that gentleman. The speaker in To His Coy Mistress also appears as in The Beggar Woman to be taking the lead in pursuing this relationship. The speaker in To His Coy Mistress works hard and cleverly to try and convince the woman to have sex with him. During these lines his main aim is to flatter her, and in some ways, exaggerate his possible love for her. The examples for his love for her, A hundred years should go to praise, Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze. Two hundred to adore each breast: But thirty thousand to the rest. These lines mean that hell worship her eyes and her forehead as he admires her so much, then says that hed adore each breast for two hundred years, but thirty thousand to the rest. This is because he attempts to flatter he, as in his eyes, he believes she is beautiful, and so explains his over admiration. At the beginning he does exaggerate, which in some ways is good as it may appeal to the woman, My vegetable love should grow, Vaster than empires, and more slow Here he is explaining that that if she was to spend the rest of his life with her, his love would grow both more and stronger for her. Right now, his love is in the early stages and if she was to wait or it to grow, it would be vast. During the but section, which starts at line twenty, he attempts a new tactic to convince her; he attempts to maybe shock her by using explicit references which are quite graphic, Now let us sport us while we may; And now like amorous birds of prey, Rather at once our time devour. The man graphically puts across lets them have sex, only he uses the term prey, a powerful, strong animal, to describe the type of sex the could have. However, he may not have spoilt his chances, as he was just building up to what he really wants, Thus, though we cannot make our sun, Stand still, yet we will make him run. Here the man says that though he cant make time stand still, they can make the most of it, every last minute. In some ways, this male character in this story, is similar to the man from the other story as they both want to have sex with a woman, but they both approach the matter in a gentleman like way. One example in the Beggar Woman is that the man refers to the beggar woman as mistress which indicates he was attempting to flatter her, one of the rare occasions in that poem. However in To His Coy Mistress his respect for the woman is quite regular; though he may not refer to as mistress, he constantly flatters her, one example is within the first few lines, Thou by the Indian Ganges side, Shouldst rubies find: I by the tide Of Humber would complain. What he means here is the fact that she is so special she should walk by the Indian Ganges, and he would just walk along the sides of a the Humber. Here he flatters her as he is making her feel special. So, the similarity between the two men is that the both attempt to flatter the women they want to have sex with. The behaviour of the man in To His Coy Mistress is really in some ways inappropriate, and in others, clever. In some ways it was inappropriate as approaching a lady with such graphic and explicitness is considered quite rude. One very graphic example is line twenty seven and twenty eight, Then shall worms shall try, That long-preserved virginity This is quite impolite as he explains, if she wasnt to have sex with him, then when she dies the worms will have her virginity, which is very graphic. Though this may have possibly have scared the woman, it may have also convinced her to have sex with this man as she may have been so frightened, of the thought of worms, she would prefer to lose her virginity to him, this is the clever part. However, we do not the outcome; we can only predict and presume. In comparison to the woman in the Beggar Woman, this woman in To His Coy Mistress is simply on the receiving end of the speakers words. In the Beggar Woman, the woman has an active role, as she is in control of what is happening; one example is when she tricks the gentleman to put the baby on his back, Were he child tied to me, dye think twould do? `Might well, sir! Oh Lord! If tied to you! In these lines explains the turning point where the woman cleverly hands the baby to the gentleman without him even realising, as he is so concerned about what might happen. In To His Coy Mistress, the woman plays an extremely passive role, as she doesnt even make a single comment. Information we know about the woman in this poem is that she is from a rich family. We know that she is from a rich family as in the poem he refers to her burial place, when she dies, as the Marble vault which in those days, was only possessed by the rich and wealthy. Also, the most frequent and obvious point involving the woman, is that in the eyes of the man she is very beautiful. The alleged beauty of the woman works perfectly to the advantage of the man, as he continuously and repeatedly attempts to flatter and charm with his over-exaggerated terms he uses to describe the woman. One of the many examples, is line nineteen and twenty, For, lady, you deserve this state: Nor would I love at lower rate This is one of the many classic examples the man uses to charm and flatter the woman as he explains that she deserves and is worthy of being loved so much, because she is beautiful, special and unique. The beauty of the woman in this poem is continuously mentioned, whereas in the Beggar Woman, the beauty of the woman isnt mentioned once. The significance of the beauty of the woman was totally ignored; as she is thought as a beggar woman, or a mere prostitute, she doesnt need to be convinced to have sex with him, as its her job.. In the 17th Century, it was quite frequent, and secretive, for rich, wealthy, gentleman to just have sex with an prostitutes, and this is the reason why the gentleman doesnt attempt to convince the woman into having sex with him, because he thinks as she is a prostitute and her job is having sex she will have sex with him Another significant factor may also be that because she is a beggar woman, not a rich woman from a wealthy family. Both women however are similar, though their backgrounds and possible appearance maybe different. Both men, incidentally enough, want to have sex with the woman they are with. This may make the women feel like objects, just to be used for sex. The man in the Beggar Woman treats the woman disrespectfully as he considers her not as important as her as she is a beggar woman, while the man in To His Coy Mistress treats the woman with lots of respect, and attempts to charm and flatter her. However, though the men both seem to think they may be in control, both women in fact have the upper hand. The man in the Beggar Woman seems to be very eager and convinced he is having sex with the beggar woman, when in fact in the end, she tricks him, and leaves him stranded with the baby, whereas in To His Coy Mistress, the man attempts to flatter the woman, and even cleverly arranges his argument into a syllogism, but in the end, its the decision of the woman, and she can either say yes, and agree wi th the man, or just simply turn him down, and he cant do much about that. The fact that both men only want the women for sex, really just sums up the rights of women pre 17th Century. They clearly were just thought as objects, things just used for either sex or some form of entertainment, for men, rich wealthy ones in particular. Well in these cases, the women have the upper hand, and in the Beggar Woman, the woman attempts to teach the man a lesson, while in To His Coy Mistress, the man tries and attempts to convince the woman to go to bed with him. Clever it may seem, but its the womans decision if she wants to or not. Despite being written hundred of years ago, both poems raise relevant and contemporary issues about relationships. It shows clearly the males dominated society, and used women for sex. The point of view shown in the Beggar Woman is quite unacceptable, as the man, deliberately lost his way, to find a prostitute to have sex with. In my opinion, the way shown in To His Coy Mistress, is a lot more politer and acceptable. Some of the points of view shown in this that can be applied to modern day society is the fact that people need to take responsibility of there actions; in the poems, its is just the women that take action for consequences they only had half a part in, not the men, who contribute to the other half. As modern readers, we can learn to take responsibility, and the consequences of sex. This can help raise the profile of using protection and contraception, for modern day teenage readers like me.